Showing posts with label Newt Gingrich. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Newt Gingrich. Show all posts

Monday, January 23, 2012

PALM BEACH, FLORIDA NEWS CONFERENCE TODAY: Andy Martin to Newt Gingrich: Keep your crime syndicate cash out of Florida

Independent Republican Presidential Candidate Andy Martin will hold a Palm Beach (Florida) news conference today, Monday, January 23rd to demand that Newt Gingrich supporter Sheldon Adelson keep his “crime syndicate cash” out of the Florida presidential primary. Andy charges that Gingrich’s presidential campaign is being fueled by crime syndicate contributions from Las Vegas casinos and that Gingrich is actually orchestrating Adelson’s illegal casino cash. Sheldon Adelson is also bankrolled by Chinese Communist cash from Macau.



NEWS FROM:


ANDY MARTIN /2012


“The corruption-fighting Republican


presidential candidate”



www.AndyMartinforPresident.com


www.AndyMartin.com


www.FirstRespondersOnline.us



E-mail: Andy@AndyMartinforPresident.com


P. O. Box 1851


New York, NY 10150-1851


Tel. (866) 706-2639; Cell (917) 664-9329



Blogs:



www.AndyforPresident.blogspot.com


www.AndyforPresident.wordpress.com


www.YouTube.com/Martinin2012



To become a regular subscriber to our campaign emails please send an email to Andy@AndyMartinforPresident.com and place “SUBSCRIBE” in the subject line.



FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE:



ANNOUNCEMENT OF FLORIDA PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN NEWS CONFERENCE



ATTENTION NATIONAL AND FLORIDA DAYBOOK/ASSIGNMENT EDITORS



Andy Martin says Las Vegas crime syndicate hoodlum Sheldon Adelson is trying to “buy a president”



Andy says Newt Gingrich should block Sheldon Adelson from spending Las Vegas casino cash in the Florida presidential primary



Andy says Newt Gingrich is the “biggest crook in national politics in decades”



Gingrich financier is close associate of Chinese Communist regime



(PALM BEACH, FL) (January 23, 2012) Independent Republican Presidential Candidate Andy Martin will hold a Palm Beach news conference today, Monday, January 23rd to accuse Newt Gingrich of running a presidential campaign fueled by crime syndicate cash from Las Vegas and Communist China. “Sheldon Adelson is trying to buy a president,” Andy charges. “Newt Gingrich has been a stooge for Adelson for years (links below). Newt Gingrich is the biggest crook in American politics in the past several decades. No other national candidate has been supported by millions of dollars from a Las Vegas casino operator.



Las Vegas was created by crime syndicate cash from Chicago. I helped send crime syndicate hoodlums to prison and monitored others that didn’t make it, such as Allen Dorfman who was executed by Chicago mobsters (link below).



“I am appalled that a candidate for president, and a Republican no less, is being bankrolled with millions of dollars by a Las Vegas casino operator. Sheldon Adelson is also a close associate of the Chinese Communist regime and is a ‘big macher’ in Macau. Newt might rail against China, but his campaign is being financed by Chinese Communist cash. Conflicts, anyone?”



Andy is notifying the Nevada Republican Party that he plans to participate in Nevada’s presidential caucuses in February.



Note: Andy is not on the primary ballot in Florida. Florida has a “rigged” primary which prohibits paying a filing fee or filing petitions to gain ballot access. Only party bosses can place names on the presidential primary ballot. Andy has established a Florida Primary “Fighting Camp” in Palm Beach to maintain his opposition to corruption in the presidential politics and to maintain his overall presidential campaign strategy.



January 23RD PALM BEACH NEWS CONFERENCE DETAILS:



WHO:



Republican Party Presidential Candidate Andy Martin



WHAT:



Republican Presidential Candidate Andy Martin says Newt Gingrich should block his “dirty Las Vegas casino dollars from polluting the Florida presidential primary”



WHERE:



Sidewalk in front of 95 N. County Road, Palm Beach (former U. S. Post Office)



WHEN:



Monday, January 23, 2012, 3:00 P.M.



--------------------------



MEDIA CONTACT: CELL (917) 664-9329
E-MAIL: Andy@AndyMartinforPresident.com



ujntsman wasd reelected in November, 2008. A few monrths later he resigned to serve
his president,” Barack Obama. SDo whyh was it so terrible that Palin resigned and Hutsman served evenless of his secondterm? Can I say “double standard” again.



What os this show us? Whetyher thessue s resigfnaitonsor religion,th emedia shamlessly create double standards tgo favr theiiberal medioa pets (fulldisclosure; I am ot aliberalmedia pet).


--------------------------


Please Donate:



www.AndyMartinforPresident.com


--------------------------


LINKS TO THIS STORY (cut and paste the entire link below and not just the underlined portion):



http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state/


bruising-republican-presidential-campaign-


unfolds-in-florida-2118543.html



http://www.vegasinc.com/news/2011/sep/21/


asian-casinos-boost-sheldon-adelsons-ranking-forbe/



http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/


post/despite-supreme-court-ruling-texas-


congressional-map-still-very-uncertain/2012/01/20/gIQACvSrBQ_blog.html



http://americanfraud.com/alandorfman.aspx



http://skokie.patch.com/articles/the-eyesore-


that-is-the-purple-hotel



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Dorfman


--------------------------


ABOUT ANDY: Andy is a legendary New York and Chicago-based muckraker, author, Internet columnist, talk television pioneer, radio talk show host, broadcaster and media critic. Chicago Public Radio calls Andy a “boisterous Internet activist.” The Chicago Tribune calls him “Chicago’s own…political activist.” He has over forty years of background in radio and television. He is the author of “Obama: The Man Behind The Mask” [www.OrangeStatePress.com] and he produced the Internet film "Obama: The Hawaii’ Years” [www.BoycottHawaii.com]. Andy is the Executive Editor and publisher of the “Internet Powerhouse,” www.ContrarianCommentary.com. He comments on regional, national and international events with more than four decades of investigative and analytical experience both in the USA and around the world.



Andy has been a leading corruption fighter in Illinois and American politics and courts for over forty years. [www.AndyMartin.com] He is currently sponsoring www.AmericaisReadyforReform.com. See also www.FirstRespondersOnline.us; www.EnglishforAmerica.org



He holds a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Illinois College of Law and is a former adjunct professor of law at the City University of New York (LaGuardia CC, Bronx CC).

UPDATES:
www.twitter.com/AndyMartinUSA
www.Facebook.com/AndyMartin

Andy's columns are also posted at ContrarianCommentary.blogspot.com; ContrarianCommentary.wordpress.com.


ContrarianCommentary.typepad.com



[NOTE: We try to correct any typographical errors in our stories; find the latest version on our blogs.]


--------------------------


© Copyright by Andy Martin 2012 – All Rights Reserved


--------------------------


Thursday, January 5, 2012

Concord, New Hampshire: Andy Martin says GOP hate speech growing threat to presidential campaign










(CONCORD, NH)(January 6, 2012) Independent Republican Presidential candidate Andy Martin says his opponents’ hate speech is a growing threat to the Republican Party’s presidential prospects in 2012. In a new flyer Andy says his campaign is fighting against the “purveyors of political hate” in the presidential primaries.









Andy is campaigning for the January 10th New Hampshire primary from his headquarters in Concord, the state capital. Friday he will be in Manchester for Radio Row and other functions. Stay Tuned.









ANDY'S FLYER:









NEWS FROM: ANDY MARTIN, Independent Republican Candidate for President





New Hampshire's Favorite Son





"Andy will do more for New Hampshire; More for America"









A Presidential Campaign





That is fighting the spread of hate in America









Ron Paul accepts campaign support from White Supremacists, Ku Klux Klan leaders, anti-Semites and neo-Nazis









Rick Santorum will bomb Iran and start a new war with the Muslim world









Newton Gingrich is a Washington lobbyist and influence peddler who made millions off government-sponsored enterprises, and then told unemployed young people to “take a bath”









Only Independent Republican Presidential Candidate Andy Martin is standing up to the political hate merchants.









Watch Andy’s inspirational 30-minute “Andy Martin Story” on WMUR-TV. Also on the Andy Martin for President 2012 YouTube channel www.YouTube.com/Martinin2012









Will you join Andy Martin in standing up for America’s future and facing down the purveyors of political hate?









Join the Andy Martin Team –









VOTE ANDY MARTIN in the New Hampshire Primary









FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT ANDY MARTIN:





www.AndyMartinforPresident.com





www.YouTube.com/Martinin2012









E-mail: Andy@AndyMartinforPresident.com





P. O. Box 1851, New York, NY 10150-1851





Tel. (866) 706-2639; Cell (917) 664-9329









Friday, December 16, 2011

CHICAGO NEWS CONFERENCE FRIDAY, DECEMBER 16TH: Republican Presidential Candidate announces the formation of formal opposition to Newt Gingrich

Independent Republican Presidential Candidate Andy Martin will hold a Chicago news conference today, Friday, December 16th to announce that he is organizing a formal opposition to Newt Gingrich’s presidential campaign. Martin is the “Internet Powerhouse” who is credited with creating a conservative “machine” opposing candidate Barack Obama in 2008.



NEWS FROM:


ANDY MARTIN /2012


“He Can Do More for New Hampshire



New Hampshire’s Favorite Son candidate


for President of the United States



www.AndyMartinforPresident.com


www.AndyMartin.com


www.FirstRespondersOnline.us



E-mail: Andy@AndyMartinforPresident.com


P. O. Box 1851


New York, NY 10150-1851


Tel. (866) 706-2639; Cell (917) 664-9329



Blogs:



www.AndyforPresident.blogspot.com


www.AndyforPresident.wordpress.com


www.StopNorthernPass.blogspot.com


www.StopNorthernPass.wordpress.com


www.YouTube.com/Martinin2012



To become a regular subscriber to our campaign emails please send an email to Andy@AndyMartinforPresident.com and place “SUBSCRIBE” in the subject line.



FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE:



ANNOUNCEMENT OF CHICAGO PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN NEWS CONFERENCE



ATTENTION NATIONAL AND CHICAGO DAYBOOK/ASSIGNMENT EDITORS



Andy Martin formally launches efforts to defeat Newt Gingrich



Andy is already broadcasting an initial anti-Gingrich radio ad in New Hampshire calling Gingrich a crook, with a new ad in production



Andy says Friday’s New York Times documents how Gingrich took ‘pay-to-play” cash to oppose GOP health care policies




(CHICAGO) (December 16, 2011) Independent Republican Presidential Candidate Andy Martin will hold a Chicago news conference today, Friday, December 16th to announce he is leading the opposition to the nomination of Newt Gingrich as the Republican Party’s presidential candidate. Liberal media credited Andy in 2008 with creating a “machine” that generated relentless opposition to candidate Barack Obama. Andy is already broadcasting an anti-Gingrich radio ad in New Hampshire (attached to emails of this news release) and is preparing a new replacement radio ad. He is also airing an anti-Gingrich TV ad.



“I am in this campaign until the end, until Tampa,” Martin says. “Newt Gingrich is a disgrace to the Republican Party and a disgrace to anyone who seriously considers supporting him. Gingrich is a disgrace to the honorable callings of public policy and politics. That Gingrich libels beloved president Ronald Reagan by comparing himself to Reagan is offensive.



“Ronald Reagan was not drummed out of congress by his own party, the way Gingrich was. Ronald Reagan did not pay a $300,000 fine to congress for violating rules and engaging in fraudulent behavior, the way Gingrich did. Ronald Reagan was not a lobbyist for Freddie Mac and other special interests.”



In 2008 MSNBC host Chris Hayes credited Andy with creating and masterminding a conservative “machine” that led the opposition to presidential candidate Barack Obama when traditional Republicans were reluctant to engage as Obama’s opponents. Andy’s blog ContrarianCommentary.com became known as “The Internet Powerhouse.”



“Thursday night’s ‘debate’ was a perfect example of why we need an organized and coherent opposition to Newt Gingrich,” Andy stated in announcing the formation of two new blogs, www.stopnewtgingrich.wordpress.com and www.stopnewtgingrich.blogspot.com. “Representative Bachmann did a brave job of confronting Gingrich over his noxious mantra that he was ‘not a lobbyist.’ Gingrich has never released his lobbying contract with Freddie Mac, obviously because the contract called for lobbying. What is Gingrich hiding? The truth, of course. Or, as David Axelrod would say, 'The monkey is on Newt's back to release the Freddie Mac.' Or on some other part of Gingrich’s anatomy.



“Bachmann neglected to ask Gingrich how much time he spent each month to earn his ‘retainer.’ Gingrich has said he worked one hour a month on Freddie Mac business. And Gingrich calls Mitt Romney a 'one-per center?' Newt was paid roughly $25,000 an hour for his ‘consulting.’ What a joke. Newt was a lobbyist and influence peddler whatever he chooses to call himself.



“Likewise, neither Bachmann nor any of the other candidates reminded viewers that Gingrich was drummed out of congress by the Republican Party because of Gingrich's unstable personal behavior and corruption and unethical leadership. And partly because Gingrich was an ‘open and notorious’ sexual satyr. No one mentioned that Gingrich paid a fine of $300,000. That’s no joke.



“Can such amnesia about Gingrich’s past really be tolerated in a presidential campaign? Can we just forget about Gingrich’s compulsive misconduct merely because he now claims to be a ‘grandfather’ and apologizes for being an evil man in the past? Are Republican voters that gullible?



“Bachmann and Ron Paul took potshots at Gingrich Thursday night, and Paul is running an aggressive anti-Gingrich ad in Iowa. But we need to systematize the truth abut Gingrich’s past. We also need to create and provide a clearinghouse for prior victims of Gingrich to come forward. Today (Friday, December 16th) I am announcing the first steps to develop a coherent opposition to Newt Gingrich. We will treat all information we receive in confidence when requested to do so.



“It is true, as Gingrich claims, that Democrats joked about Ronald Reagan the candidate in 1979. But Reagan was not carrying the taint of corruption and cronyism that is attached to Gingrich in 2011. Gingrich is the Democrats’ ‘dream’ candidate to oppose Obama.



“The conservative conceit about Gingrich's ‘debates’ performance is sheer nonsense. The intramural squabbles moderated by liberal media are not remotely indicative of the Republican-Democratic presidential debates that will take place next fall. Republicans should not be underestimating Barack Obama the way the Democrats underestimated Ronald Reagan.



“Representative Bachmann and Representative Paul are to be congratulated for their efforts to expose Gingrich's corruption and self-dealing,” Andy says. “But there’s a lot more to come. Friday’s New York Times analyzes the way ‘Pay-to-Play Gingrich’ took special interest cash to promote proposals that are now contrary to conservative principles (see link below).”



Andy is in Chicago investigating the collapse of MF Global and the firm’s links to the Democratic Party’s power elite.



“I’m in this race to win,” Andy says. “I am obviously the darkest of dark horses. But I am going to be fighting right until the end. If Rick Santorum can stay in the race with a straight face anyone can stay in as a presidential candidate. And I will be leading the charge against Gingrich right until the end.”



Next week Andy is producing a special campaign ad to air on WMUR-TV in Manchester.



DECEMBER 16TH NEW YORK NEWS CONFERENCE DETAILS:



WHO:



Independent Republican Party Presidential Candidate Andy Martin



WHAT:



Republican Presidential Candidate Andy Martin announces formal opposition to Newt Gingrich with new anti-Gingrich radio ads and anti-Gingrich blogs. In 2008 media elitists credited Andy with creating a conservative “machine” that led the opposition to candidate Barack Obama



WHERE:



Sidewalk news conference, SE corner of Huron and Wabash,


Chicago (weather permitting [looks good]; otherwise indoors)



WHEN:



Friday, December 16th, 2011, 3:00 P.M.



--------------------------



MEDIA CONTACT: (866) 706-2639 or CELL (917) 664-9329
E-MAIL: Andy@AndyMartinforPresident.com



ujntsman wasd reelected in November, 2008. A few monrths later he resigned to serve
his president,” Barack Obama. SDo whyh was it so terrible that Palin resigned and Hutsman served evenless of his secondterm? Can I say “double standard” again.



What os this show us? Whetyher thessue s resigfnaitonsor religion,th emedia shamlessly create double standards tgo favr theiiberal medioa pets (fulldisclosure; I am ot aliberalmedia pet).


--------------------------


Please Donate:



www.AndyMartinforPresident.com


--------------------------


LINKS TO THIS STORY (cut and paste the entire link below and not just the underlined portion):



http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/us/politics/gingrichs-health-care-policy-history-at-odds-with-gop.html?_r=1&hp



--------------------------


ABOUT ANDY: Andy Martin’s family immigrated to Manchester, New Hampshire 100 years ago. His mom was born in Manchester. Growing up, Andy spent summers in New Hampshire. That’s why he’s New Hampshire’s “Favorite Son” presidential candidate in the 2012 presidential primary election.



Today Andy is a legendary New York and Chicago-based muckraker, author, Internet columnist, talk television pioneer, radio talk show host, broadcaster and media critic. Chicago Public Radio calls Andy a “boisterous Internet activist.” The Chicago Tribune calls him “Chicago’s own…political activist.” He has over forty years of background in radio and television. He is the author of “Obama: The Man Behind The Mask” [www.OrangeStatePress.com] and he produced the Internet film "Obama: The Hawaii’ Years” [www.BoycottHawaii.com]. Andy is the Executive Editor and publisher of the “Internet Powerhouse,” www.ContrarianCommentary.com. He comments on regional, national and international events with more than four decades of investigative and analytical experience both in the USA and around the world.



Andy has been a leading corruption fighter in Illinois and American politics and courts for over forty years. [www.AndyMartin.com] He is currently sponsoring www.AmericaisReadyforReform.com. See also www.FirstRespondersOnline.us; www.EnglishforAmerica.org



He holds a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Illinois College of Law and is a former adjunct professor of law at the City University of New York (LaGuardia CC, Bronx CC).

UPDATES:
www.twitter.com/AndyMartinUSA
www.Facebook.com/AndyMartin

Andy's columns are also posted at ContrarianCommentary.blogspot.com; ContrarianCommentary.wordpress.com.


ContrarianCommentary.typepad.com



[NOTE: We try to correct any typographical errors in our stories; find the latest version on our blogs.]


--------------------------


© Copyright by Andy Martin 2011 – All Rights Reserved


--------------------------


Sunday, December 11, 2011

NEW YORK NEWS CONFERENCE December 3rd: New Hampshire TV ad calls Newt Gingrich a crook

Independent Republican Presidential Candidate Andy Martin held a New York news conference Saturday, December 3rd to release a new TV ad attacking Newt Gingrich. The ad started airing in New Hampshire on WMUR-TV during the week of December 5th. Andy also commented on Herman Cain’s “suspension” of his presidential campaign. The new TV ad is posted on Andy’s YouTube account as well as his presidential campaign web site.




NEWS FROM:


ANDY MARTIN /2012


“He Can Do More for New Hampshire



New Hampshire’s Favorite Son candidate


for President of the United States



www.AndyMartinforPresident.com


www.AndyMartin.com


www.FirstRespondersOnline.us



E-mail: Andy@AndyMartinforPresident.com


P. O. Box 1851


New York, NY 10150-1851


Tel. (866) 706-2639; Cell (917) 664-9329



Blogs:



www.AndyforPresident.blogspot.com


www.AndyforPresident.wordpress.com


www.StopNorthernPass.blogspot.com


www.StopNorthernPass.wordpress.com


www.YouTube.com/Martinin2012



To become a regular subscriber to our campaign emails please send an email to Andy@AndyMartinforPresident.com and place “SUBSCRIBE” in the subject line.



FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE:



ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEW YORK PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN NEWS CONFERENCE



ATTENTION NATIONAL AND NEW YORK DAYBOOK/ASSIGNMENT EDITORS



Andy Martin releases New Hampshire TV ad calling Newton Gingrich a “Washington-style crook”



Andy will announce “Grinch Rich Week,” in which Andy replicates his 2007 series of attacks on Barack Obama (“Obama Week”) that set the stage for the emergence of the “Birther” movement



Andy will also offer reaction comments today on Herman Cain’s decision to suspend his campaign for president



Is Cain waiting to collect “welfare for politicians” in the form of federal matching funds?



(NEW YORK) (December 3, 2011) Independent Republican Presidential Candidate Andy Martin will hold a New York City news conference today, Saturday, December 3rd to release a new TV ad that will start running on WMUR-TV during the week of December 5th. The ad has already been loaded on Andy’s campaign home page and YouTube channel. The ad is titled “The Kook, The Clown and the Crook” and refers to Newton Gingrich as a “Washington-style crook.” A copy of the ad is also attached to this news release.



“Herman Cain has had a disastrous impact on the Republican Party’s presidential campaign,” Andy says. “And he has not legally withdrawn, no doubt because he wants to collect ‘welfare for politicians,’ as some Republicans call federal matching funds, for his campaign. Clearly a ‘suspension’ is not a ‘withdrawal.’ It is more flim-flam. As long as Cain has a ‘suspended’ campaign and has not legally withdrawn as a candidate we will keep running the ad with his name in it.



“I called on Cain to withdraw way back on November 3rd. What took him a month to decide? Way back in May I predicted Cain was not ready for prime time.



“Cain will probably still be on the New Hampshire primary ballot on January 10th. We need to be sure people don’t vote for Cain whatever his status as a candidate on January 10th.”



DECEMBER 3RD NEW YORK NEWS CONFERENCE DETAILS:



WHO:



Independent Republican Party Presidential Candidate Andy Martin



WHAT:



Republican Presidential Candidate Andy Martin releases TV ad Saturday calling Newton Gingrich a “Washington-style crook,” announces “Grinch-Rich Week,” and comments on Herman Cain’s decision to “suspend” his campaign instead of withdrawing



WHERE:



909 Third Avenue, public sidewalk in front of FDR Station entrance, New York (under the “909” canopy in case of rain)



WHEN:



Saturday, December 3rd, 2011, 4:30 P.M.



--------------------------



MEDIA CONTACT: (866) 706-2639 or CELL (917) 664-9329
E-MAIL: Andy@AndyMartinforPresident.com



ujntsman wasd reelected in November, 2008. A few monrths later he resigned to serve
his president,” Barack Obama. SDo whyh was it so terrible that Palin resigned and Hutsman served evenless of his secondterm? Can I say “double standard” again.



What os this show us? Whetyher thessue s resigfnaitonsor religion,th emedia shamlessly create double standards tgo favr theiiberal medioa pets (fulldisclosure; I am ot aliberalmedia pet).


--------------------------


Please Donate:



www.AndyMartinforPresident.com


--------------------------


LINKS TO THIS STORY (cut and paste the entire link below and not just the underlined portion):




--------------------------


ABOUT ANDY: Andy Martin’s family immigrated to Manchester, New Hampshire 100 years ago. His mom was born in Manchester. Growing up, Andy spent summers in New Hampshire. That’s why he’s New Hampshire’s “Favorite Son” presidential candidate in the 2012 presidential primary election.



Today Andy is a legendary New York and Chicago-based muckraker, author, Internet columnist, talk television pioneer, radio talk show host, broadcaster and media critic. Chicago Public Radio calls Andy a “boisterous Internet activist.” The Chicago Tribune calls him “Chicago’s own…political activist.” He has over forty years of background in radio and television. He is the author of “Obama: The Man Behind The Mask” [www.OrangeStatePress.com] and he produced the Internet film "Obama: The Hawaii’ Years” [www.BoycottHawaii.com]. Andy is the Executive Editor and publisher of the “Internet Powerhouse,” www.ContrarianCommentary.com. He comments on regional, national and international events with more than four decades of investigative and analytical experience both in the USA and around the world.



Andy has been a leading corruption fighter in Illinois and American politics and courts for over forty years. [www.AndyMartin.com] He is currently sponsoring www.AmericaisReadyforReform.com. See also www.FirstRespondersOnline.us; www.EnglishforAmerica.org



He holds a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Illinois College of Law and is a former adjunct professor of law at the City University of New York (LaGuardia CC, Bronx CC).

UPDATES:
www.twitter.com/AndyMartinUSA
www.Facebook.com/AndyMartin

Andy's columns are also posted at ContrarianCommentary.blogspot.com; ContrarianCommentary.wordpress.com.


ContrarianCommentary.typepad.com



[NOTE: We try to correct any typographical errors in our stories; find the latest version on our blogs.]


--------------------------


© Copyright by Andy Martin 2011 – All Rights Reserved


--------------------------